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A Newly Identified Younger Dryas Component in Eagle Cave, Texas
- Charles W. Koenig, J. David Kilby, Christopher J. Jurgens, Lorena Becerra-Valdivia, Christopher W. Ringstaff, J. Kevin Hanselka, Leslie L. Bush, Charles D. Frederick, Stephen L. Black, Amanda M. Castañeda, Ken L. Lawrence, Madeline E. Mackie, Jim I. Mead
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- Journal:
- American Antiquity / Volume 87 / Issue 2 / April 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 December 2021, pp. 377-388
- Print publication:
- April 2022
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Recent excavations by the Ancient Southwest Texas Project of Texas State University sampled a previously undocumented Younger Dryas component from Eagle Cave in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas. This stratified assemblage consists of bison (Bison antiquus) bones in association with lithic artifacts and a hearth. Bayesian modeling yields an age of 12,660–12,480 cal BP, and analyses indicate behaviors associated with the processing of a juvenile bison and the manufacture and maintenance of lithic tools. This article presents spatial, faunal, macrobotanical, chronometric, geoarchaeological, and lithic analyses relating to the Younger Dryas component within Eagle Cave. The identification of the Younger Dryas occupation in Eagle Cave should encourage archaeologists to revisit previously excavated rockshelter sites in the Lower Pecos and beyond to evaluate deposits for unrecognized, older occupations.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Food poisoning due to the consumption of red whelks (Neptunea antiqua)
- T. M. S. Reid, I. M. Gould, I. M. Mackie, A. H. Ritchie, G. Hobbs
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- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 101 / Issue 2 / October 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2009, pp. 419-423
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Two incidents of toxin-type food poisoning in N.E. Scotland associated with the consumption of red whelks (Neptunea antiqua) are described. Four patients developed symptoms within 1 h of consuming whole whelks. These included visual distrubances—double vision and difficulty in focusing-ingling of the fingers, prostration and in one subject nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and ataxia. In all cases recovery was complete in 24 h. Using a newly developed analytical technique the concentration of the causative toxin, tetramine, in the salivary glands of the whelks consumed was estimated at 0.07%, equivalent to a content of 3.75mg/100g of the shellfish.
Microbiological and chemical changes in the rumen during the stepwise adaptation of sheep to high concentrate diets
- R. I. Mackie, Frances M. C. Gilchrist, Anna M. Robberts, P. E. Hannah, Helen M. Schwartz
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 90 / Issue 2 / April 1978
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 241-254
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A stepwise adaptation was carried out on eight sheep through diets containing 10, 24, 44, 60 to a final diet containing 71% maize meal and molasses. The numbers of protozoa in the rumen increased in proportion to amount of readily fermentable carbohydrate fed, up to and including the 60% grain and molasses diet, while the numbers of total culturable bacteria remained essentially constant. However, the proportions of amylolytic and lactate-utilizing bacteria increased, and there was an orderly shift from acid-sensitive to more acid-tolerant species, particularly amongst the lactate-utilizers in response to the gradual decrease in the ruminal pH. Up to this stage the protozoa probably controlled the rate of fermentation by engulfing starch grains and bacteria and were thus able to maintain the pH of the rumen above 5·5. Lactic acid appeared only transiently and the peak values tended to diminish as adptation progressed.
The first day the final diet was fed the ruminal pH decreased to 5·4 or below for several hours. Within 7 days the number of protozoa had decreased by 50–80% and the number of total culturable bacteria increased sharply. Conditions in the rumen became unstable: peak values of D- and L- laotic acid increased by ca. 0·5 HIM, the acetate/propionate ratio decreased to ca. 2 and peak glucose concentration increased t o 3·2–9·5 mM. One animal refused all food for 1 day. Acid-tolerant species of lactate-utilizing bacteria multiplied rapidly in response to the increased production of ruminal lactic acid and the ratio of amylolytics to lactate-utilizers decreased from a mean of 10·7 to 3·6. This controlled the increase in lactic acid and the decrease in ruminal pH, allowing the ciliate protozoa to proliferate and regain control of the fermentation.
The types of cellulolytic bacteria did not change during the experiment. Despite their acid sensitivity, the number of cellulolytic bacteria per gram of ingesta was of the same order after 54 days on the 71% grain and molasses diet (0·5–13·3 × 107) as on the initial high roughage diet (3·2–7·6 × 107).
Three sheep which bloated showed no marked chemical or microbiological differences from the non-bloating animals.
An in vivo study of ruminal micro-organisms influencing lactate turnover and its contribution to volatile fatty acid production
- R. I. Mackie, Frances M. C. Gilchrist, Suzette Heath
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- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 103 / Issue 1 / August 1984
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 37-51
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The ruminal metabolism of lactic acid was investigated in vivo under normal feeding conditions in four sheep each adapted to one of the following diets: high-concentrate, intermediate, high-roughage containing 65, 43 or 10% maize meal and molasses respectively, or lucerne hay. A continuous basal turnover of ruminal lactate (0·01–0·02 mmol/1/min) was found which increased 10- to 40-fold immediately after feeding when production exceeded utilization and lactate accumulated in the rumen. This was followed by an increase in utilization rate which removed the accumulated lactate. Both lactate and glucose turnover were related to the amount of readily fermentable carbohydrate in the diet. Approximately 8, 6·5, 5 and 2·5% of the total VFA was formed through lactate on the high-concentrate, intermediate, high-roughage and lucerne hay diets respectively.
Rumen microbial counts of total culturable, glucolytic, amylolytic and lactateutilizing bacteria, and of ciliate protozoa were also performed on the four sheep. Numbers of micro-organisms in all groups were highest on the high-concentrate diet and lowest on the two roughage diets. The proportions of the predominant genera from the different metabolic groups of bacteria differed, although in most cases the same organisms were present in the rumen on all diets. The succinate pathway was found to be quantitatively more important in the conversion of lactate to propionate in the rumen. Although the numbers of lactate-utilizing bacteria increased as the amount of RFC in the diet increased, their metabolic activity was actually lower. Reasons for this finding are discussed, together with factors influencing the regulation of lactate production and utilization in the rumen.
Closed reduction: explicit substitutions without $\alpha$-conversion
- M. FERNÁNDEZ, I. MACKIE, F-R. SINOT
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- Mathematical Structures in Computer Science / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / April 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2005, pp. 343-381
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Starting from the $\lambda$-calculus with names, we develop a family of calculi with explicit substitutions that overcome the usual syntactical problems of substitution. The key idea is that only closed substitutions can be moved through certain constructs. This gives a weak form of reduction, called closed reduction, which is rich enough to capture both the call-by-value and call-by-name evaluation strategies in the $\lambda$-calculus. Moreover, since substitutions can move through abstractions and reductions are allowed under abstractions (if certain conditions hold), closed reduction naturally provides an efficient notion of reduction with a high degree of sharing and low overheads. We present a family of abstract machines for closed reduction. Our benchmarks show that closed reduction performs better than all standard weak strategies, and its low overheads make it more efficient than optimal reduction in many cases.
A comparison of undried and dried fish-protein hydrolysate as a protein source for calf milk replacers
- A. M. Petchey, J. B. Owen, I. M. Mackie, A. H. Ritchie, E. R. Ørskov
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- Journal:
- Animal Production / Volume 28 / Issue 2 / April 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 September 2010, pp. 191-198
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- April 1979
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Milk replacers in which skim milk protein (SMP) was replaced in various proportions by undried or dried fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) were offered twice daily to British Friesian male calves. Various proportions of fish protein and milk protein in the diets were obtained by mixing replacer made from SMP with replacers made from undried and dried FPH respectively. The ratios were: 100 FPH, 0 SMP; 67 FPH, 33 SMP; 33 FPH, 67 SMP; and 0 FPH, 100 SMP. Calves were offered the milk replacers only to a maximum of 5 1 per day until 28 days when concentrates and hay were offered ad libitum. The calves were weaned after 42 days. Feed intake and live-weight gain were recorded for 84 days.
There was a marked decrease in performance to weaning when the milk replacer contained two-thirds or more of the FPH. The FPH-fed calves had lower hay intakes than those fed milk only. Treatment differences in post-weaning live-weight gain reflected mainly differences in concentrate intake. There was no significant difference in live-weight gain nor food efficiency for calves fed either undried or dried FPH in any period to 84 days. The number of treatments for scour was similar for the two groups. However, the calves fed dried FPH had a lower dry-matter intake in the post-weaning period.
Fish-protein hydrolysate as a substitute for milk protein in calf feeding
- T. L. Dodsworth, J. B. Owen, I. M. Mackie, A. Ritchie, E. R. Ørskov
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- Journal:
- Animal Production / Volume 25 / Issue 1 / August 1977
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 September 2010, pp. 19-26
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- August 1977
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Two milk replacers identical in composition except for the protein source, which was either fish-protein hydrolysate (FPH) or dried skim milk, were offered either twice or four times daily to castrated British Friesian male calves in four ratios: 100 FPH 0 Milk; 67 FPH 33 Milk; 33 FPH 67 Milk and 0 FPH 100 Milk. Concentrates and hay were offered ad libitum, and the calves were weaned at 42 days of age. Feed intake and calf live weight were recorded to 100 days of age.
There were no differences in growth rate up to weaning due to frequency of feeding. Up to 67% FPH there were no differences in growth rate but calves on the 100% FPH diet showed a 40% depression in growth compared with the other three levels. Up to 100 days there was no apparent effect of treatment on live-weight gain, but only differences of 12 to 13% would be significant.
The results indicate that at least two-thirds of the milk protein could be replaced by FPH. The need for further work using dried material and FPH from other species is discussed.